The appeals court upheld a federal district judge's ruling that the disks made by Eric Lundgren to restore Microsoft operating systems had a value of $25 apiece, even though they could be downloaded free and could be used only on computers with a valid Microsoft license.
A California man who built a sizable business out of recycling electronic waste is headed to federal prison for 15 months after a federal appeals court in Miami rejected his claim that the “restore discs” he made to extend the lives of computers had no financial value, instead ruling that he had infringed Microsoft’s products to the tune of $700,000.
The appeals court upheld a federal district judge’s ruling that the discs made by Eric Lundgren to restore Microsoft operating systems had a value of $25 apiece, even though they could be downloaded free and could only be used on computers with a valid Microsoft license. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit initially granted Lundgren an emergency stay of his prison sentence, shortly before he was to surrender, but then affirmed his original 15-month sentence and $50,000 fine without hearing oral argument in a ruling issued April 11.
Lundgren, 33, has become a renowned innovator in the field of “e-waste,” using discarded parts to do things such as construct an electric car, which far outdistanced a Tesla in a test on one charge. He built the first “electronic hybrid recycling” facility in the United States, which turns discarded cellphones and other electronics into functional devices, slowing the stream of harmful chemicals and metals into landfills and the environment. His California-based company processes more than 41 million pounds of e-waste each year and counts IBM, Motorola and Sprint among its clients.
“This is a difficult sentencing,” Senior U.S. District Judge Daniel T.K. Hurley told him last year, “because I credit everything you are telling me, you are a very remarkable person.”
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Before he launched his company, IT Asset Partners, Lundgren lived in China learning about the stream of e-waste, and also finding ways to send cheap parts to America to keep electronics running. One of his projects was to manufacture thousands of “restore discs,” supplied by computer makers as a way for users to restore Windows to a hard drive if it crashes or must be wiped. The discs can only be used on a computer that already has a license for the Windows operating system, and the license transfers with the computer for its full life span. But computer owners often lose or throw out the discs, and though the operating system can be downloaded free on a licensed computer, Lundgren realized that many people didn’t feel competent to do that, and were simply throwing out their computers and buying new ones.
Lundgren had 28,000 of the discs made and shipped to a broker in Florida. Their plan was to sell the discs to computer refurbishing shops for about 25 cents apiece, so the refurbisher could provide the discs to a used computer buyer, and the refurbisher wouldn’t have to take the time to create the discs themselves. And the new user might be able to use the disc to keep their computer going the next time a problem occurred.
But in 2012, U.S. Customs officers seized a shipment and began investigating. The discs were never sold. Eventually, the Florida broker, Robert Wolff, called Lundgren and offered to buy the discs himself as part of a government sting, Lundgren said. Wolff sent Lundgren $3,400 and the conspiracy was cemented. Both were indicted on a charge of conspiracy to traffic in counterfeit goods and criminal copyright infringement. Wolff made a plea deal and received a six-month home arrest sentence.
Lundgren pleaded guilty but argued that the value of his discs was zero, so there was no harm to anyone. Neither Microsoft nor any computer manufacturers sell restore discs. They supply them free with new computers, and make the software available for free downloading, for those who have paid for the software and received a license – typically a sticker with a “Certificate of Authenticity” number on it. Lundgren said he was trying to make the discs available again for those who needed them, and that they could only be used on licensed computers.
Initially, federal prosecutors valued the discs at $299 each, or the cost of a brand new Windows operating system, and Lundgren’s indictment claimed he had cost Microsoft $8.3 million in lost sales. By the time of sentencing, a Microsoft letter to Hurley and a Microsoft expert witness had reduced the value of the discs to $25, stating that was what Microsoft charged refurbishers for the discs.
But both the letter and the expert were pricing a disc which came with a Microsoft license. “These sales of counterfeit operating systems,” Microsoft lawyer Bonnie MacNaughton wrote to the judge, “displaced Microsoft’s potential sales of genuine operating systems.” But Lundgren’s discs had no license, and were intended for computers that already had licenses.
Glenn Weadock, a former expert witness for the government in its antitrust case against Microsoft, was asked, “In your opinion, without a code, either product key or COA [Certificate of Authenticity], what is the value of these reinstallation discs?”
“Zero or near zero,” Weadock said.
Why would anybody pay for one? Lundgren’s lawyer asked.
“There is a convenience factor associated with them,” Weadock said.
Still, Hurley decided that Lundgren’s 28,000 restore discs had a value of $700,000, and that dollar amount qualified Lundgren for a 15-month term along with a $50,000 fine. The judge said he disregarded Weadock’s testimony. “I don’t think anybody in that courtroom understood what a restore disc was,” Lundgren said.
A three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit deferred to Hurley in his judgment that Weadock was not credible, and that “while experts on both sides may have identified differences in functionality in the discs, [Hurley] did not clearly err in finding them substantially equivalent.” The ruling was written by Judges William H. Pryor Jr., Beverly B. Martin and R. Lanier Anderson.
Randall Newman, Lundgren’s lawyer on the appeal, said there was no basis to seek a rehearing from the full 11th Circuit. Lundgren said an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court would be a costly long shot.
But he said the court had set a precedent for Microsoft and other software makers to pursue criminal cases against those seeking to extend the life span of computers. “I got in the way of their agenda,” Lundgren said, “this profit model that’s way more profitable than I could ever be.”
Lundgren said he wasn’t sure when he would be surrendering. He said prosecutors in Miami told him he could have a couple of weeks to put his financial affairs in order, including plans for his company of more than 100 employees. “But I was told if I got loud in the media, they’d come pick me up,” Lundgren said. “If you want to take my liberty, I’m going to get loud.”
A spokeswoman for the U.S. attorney’s office in Miami declined to comment Monday.
“I am going to prison and I’ve accepted it,” Lundgren said Monday. “What I’m not okay with is people not understanding why I’m going to prison. Hopefully my story can shine some light on the e-waste epidemic we have in the United States, how wasteful we are. At what point do people stand up and say something? I didn’t say something, I just did it.”